Medical Practice in Medieval and Early Modern Europe

慢慢把當時讀的書單po上來（不過也實在太慢了點....）第二次的主題是醫者和他們的practice（這該怎麼翻譯比較好？）。這種偏社會史的角度，在醫學史裡是一個比較晚的發展，大約要從1980中期之後才慢慢起來。早期的研究還是以醫學思想和理論為主。Edward Kealey跟Katharine Park的第一本書，都屬於這一類。90年代以後又更多，而且注意到許多非主流的醫者。Valerie Flint的文章討論在中古早期，除了醫者和聖人之外，還有一種Enchanter（又該怎麼翻譯？有點類似Charlatan），同時被兩方夾殺。Peter Brown不是專門的醫學史家，不過專門研究聖人歷史的他，很自然就注意到當時在神殿（shrine）有很多醫療行為在上演。Brown的書寫的很薄，但我花了很多時間讀。

我有一陣子對外科特別感興趣，所以P老師推薦了幾篇外科醫生相關的文章。原來除了一般受過專業訓練的surgeon之外，還有一些醫者被認為是surgical specialists，他們地位比surgeons更低一些，大多處理一些簡單的外傷問題，也是在各地四處巡遊，販賣自己的技術。




David Gentilcore寫義大利的江湖郎中（Charlatan）特別有趣，因為在義大利，連Charlatan也是要向政府登記的。所以他們留了一大批的資料，讓像Gentilcore這樣的史學家可以做一個完整的資料庫，深入地分析。

醫院則是醫學史的另一個重點。John Henderson寫文藝復興義大利的醫院，讓人大開眼界，那是一本非常紮實而敏銳的研究。一般的說法是中古到近代早期的醫院大多規模不大，而且以宗教性、救濟性為主，醫治人的成分不多，而會進醫院的，大多是一些窮人。但義大利卻很不一樣，Henderson研究的那些醫院，就是富麗堂皇，而且還有專門的醫生進駐。他的分析指出，這些醫院提供的服務水準其實相當高，而且都是一些有頭有臉的人到醫院去。當然，義大利的醫院也提供的完整服務。Henderson另外也研究的院裡的護士。

Healers and Patients -- the Middle Ages

1. Edward J. Kealey, Medieval Medicus: A Social History of Anglo-Norman Medicine (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981).  
2. Faye Getz, Medicine in the English Middle Ages (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998).  
3. Michael McVaugh, “Bedside Manners in the Middle Ages,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 71.2(1997): 201-223.
4. Peter Murray Jones, “Thomas Fayreford: An English Fifteenth-Century Medical Practitioner,” in Medicine from Black Death to the French Disease. pp. 156-183

Religious Healing

1. Valerie Flint, “The Early Medieval ‘Medicus’, the Saint – and the Enchanter,” The Social History of Medicine 2 (1989): 127-45. 
2. Peter Brown, The Cult of the Saints: Its Rise and Its Function in Latin Christianity (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), ch.6 
3. Lea T. Oslan, "Charms and Prayers in Medieval Medical Theory and Practice," Social History of Medicine 16.3 (2003): 343-66.

Healers and Patients -- Early Modern

1. Jerome Bylebyl, “The Manifest and the Hidden in the Renaissance Clinic,” in W.F. Bynum and Roy Porter, eds., Medicine and the Five Senses (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 40-58.
2. Gianna Pomata, Contracting a Cure: Patients, Healers, and the Law in Early Modern Bologna [1994], trans. by the author with Rosemarie Foy and Anna Taraboletti-Segre (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), ch. 5.
3. Margaret Pelling, “Medical Practice in Early Modern England: Trade or Profession?” in The Professions in Early Modern England, ed. W. Prest (London: Croom Helm, 1987), 90-128.
4. David Gentilcore, Healers and Healing in Early Modern Italy (Manchester/NYC: Manchester University Press, 1998). 

Surgeons

1. Marie-Christine Pouchelle, The Body and Surgery in the Middle Ages [1983], trans. Rosemary Morris (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1990).  
2. Jole Agrimi and Chiara Chrisciani, “The science and practice of medicine in the thirteenth century according to Guglielmo da Saliceto, Italian surgeon,” in Luis Garcia-Ballester et. al. eds, Practical Medicine from Salerno to the Black Death. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 60-87.
3. Katharine Park, “Eyes, Bones, and Hernias: Surgical Specialists in Fourteenth- and Fifteenth-Century Italy,” in Jon Arrizabalaga, ed., Medicine from the Black Death to the French Disease (London: Ashgate, 1998), 110-30.
4. Margaret Pelling, “Appearances and reality: barber-surgeons, the body and disease,” in A. Beier and R. Finlay eds. London 1500-1700: the Making of the Metropolis (London: Longman, 1986)
5. Roger Jutte, “A seventeenth-century German barber-surgeon and his patients,” Medical History 33(1990), 184-98.

Charlatans

1. Katharine Park, “Country Medicine in the City Marketplace: Snakehandlers in Renaissance Italy,” Renaissance Studies 15 (2001): 104-20. 
2. David Gentilcore, Medical Charlatanism in Early Modern Italy (Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), Intro, Ch. 1, 2, 4, 5.
3. Geneviève Dumas and Faith Wallis, “Theory and Practice in the Trial of Jean Domrémi, 1423-1427,” Journal of the History of Medicine 54 (1999): 55-87. 
4. Peter E. Pormann, “The Physician and the Other: Images of the Charlatan in Medieval Islam,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 79.2 (2005): 189-227.
5. King, Roger, “Curing Toothache on the Stage? The Importance of Reading Pictures in Context,” History of Science 33.4(1995): 396-416.

Hospitals

1. Peregrine Horden, “The Earliest Hospitals in Byzantium, Western Europe, and Islam.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 35.3 (2005), pp. 361-389. 
2. Peregrine Horden, “A Discipline of Relevance: The Historiography of the Later Medieval Hospital,” Social History of Medicine, I (1988), 359–374.
3. Peregrine Horden, “A Non-natural Environment: Medicine without Doctors and the Medieval European Hospital” in B. Bowers ed., The Medieval Hospital and Medical Practice.
4. John Henderson, The Renaissance Hospital. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006.
5. Robert Jütte, “Syphilis and Confinement: Hospitals in Early Modern Germany,” in Norbert Finzsch and Robert Jütte eds, Institutions of Confinement: Hospitals, Asylums, and Prisons in Western Europe and North America, 1500-1950 (Cambrdige: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 97-116.